Some of the properties of convergence field of regular matrix transformation have already been proved.The study of  σ-porous sets has also been carried out . In this paper, we establish the conditions under which the convergence field F(A) of a regular transformation A is porous in S(A), the set of A-limitable real sequence.We also determine the conditions under which F(A) dense in S(A). Further, we prove that the convergence field ofvarious matrix transformation are close inS(A).

Here, we studied growth and characterization of Tin (II) oxide doped with oil bean seed extracts. Tin (II) oxide was grown by reacting some quantities of aqueous Tin chloride and aqueous sodium hydroxide. Oil bean seeds were grinded, dissolved in distilled water, stirred, and sieved to remove the undissolved parts. Analytical grade glass slides were inserted in the beaker.Samples B6 was un-doped, B7 was doped with 0.2 ml of oil bean extract, B8 was doped with 0.3 ml of oil bean extract, B9 was doped with 0.4 ml ofoil bean extract and B10 was doped with 0.5 ml of oil bean extract.Optical characterization showed that oil bean seed extract decreased the transmittance with peak 50% at wavelength of 800 nm, but improved the absorbance of Tin (II) Oxide with peak above 0.5 at wavelength of 300 nm. The reflectance was too low with maximum peak of 0.2 at wavelength of 800 nm. Samples B7, B8 and B9 have no band gaps but samples B6 and B10 have band gaps of 3.8 and 3.9 respectively and as such can be used as refractory materials.

This paper explores ways of establishing liberation for women and making their voices heard. This paper seeks to give women their pride of place in our contemporary society.  The realities of gender inequality, and consequently, gender emancipation in contemporary Africa are explored here. This endeavour will seek to shade upon this discourse light from the scriptures that will lead to authentic living and collaboration, for the authentic transformation of society through works of justice, love and the acquisition of rights, equal to those enjoyed by men, and thereafter draw a meaningful conclusion. The Bible teaches that “God created man and woman in His image and likeness…" (Gen. 1:27) and both had to cooperate with God in bearing and bringing forth children into the world. They were also commanded to conquer and have dominion over all other creatures of the earth… (Gen.1:28). God never intends or made suggestion to discriminate on issues of social and gender distinction. If God ever intended that there should be distinction between man and woman, he would probably have created a separate birth channel for the man, so that the inequality will be clearly spotted. This paper has, however, opined that traditional and religious laws stipulate that women should obey their husbands and be submissive to them, to the church and the society. This paper has advocated for the right and total emancipation of women in all aspects of life, educational and professional opportunities that are equal to that of men. This paper insightfully opines that women who live in oppressive circumstances should find consolation in the Word of God, as the Bible provides the solution to their plights. It consoles, nourishes and sustains them in their struggles and brings them hope. This, however, does not imply that women should sit idle and expect God to redress their suppressed status. They are to stand up and insist for the equality of the children of God.

Among the various alternatives for fossil fuel, biodiesel is emerging as a promising choice for compression ignition engine due to its renewable nature and superior emission characteristics. This research work focused on the Synthesis and optimization of castor seed oil fatty acid methyl ester (CSOFAME). Solvent extraction was employed for extraction of oil from castor seed. The oil was characterized based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The fatty acid profile of castor seed oil (CSO) was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC MS) while the functional groups of the triglyceride were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of process parameters on the yield of CSOFAME was investigated using one factor at a time method .The oil was pretreated to reduce the free fatty acid beolw 1% and then trasersterified using methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide catalyst. The fuel properties of the CSOFAME produced were determined based on ASTM standards. Optimization of castor seed oil biodiesel was carried out using response surface methodology. The physiochemical properties of the oil density, free fatty acid, saponification value, iodine value, flash point, pour point, moisture content gave the values of, 766kg/m3, 3.04%, 180.5mgKOH/g, 78.2gI2/100g, 2630C, 0.50C, 0.5%, respectively. The fatty acid profile of CSO consist of saturated fatty acids; stearic acid 0.98%, palmitic acid 1.8% and unsaturated fatty acids; oleic acid 6.i%, linolenic acid 0.91% and recinoleic acid 80.41%. The process parameters of methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature reaction time and agitation speed immensely affected the biodiesel yield as their increase resulted in the increase of biodiesel yield until an optimum value was attained when the yield started decreasing. The fuel properties of the COFAME which is within the ASTM standards were determined as acid value 0.460mgKOH/g, density 866Kg/m3, flash point 1560C, cetane number 60.9, calorific value 40.02MJ/Kg, pour point 30C, iodine value 35.20gI2/100g. The use of quadratic regression model from design expert version 12.0 for response surface methodology (RSM) showed optimal biodiesel yield of 91.9% at the optimum reaction conditions of methanol to oil molar ratio 7:1, catalyst concentration 0.9%wt. reaction temperature 600C, and reaction time 65 minutes.     

Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality are major public health concerns in most developing countries and in under resourced settings. Provision of safe motherhood is of utmost importance in the reduction of maternal mortality. Increasing the proportion of babies that are delivered in health facilities is an important factor in reducing the health risks to both the mother and the baby. This study explored maternal healthcare choices of expectant mothers in Lunga Lunga Sub County, Kwale County. The objectives of the study were; the identification and description of maternal healthcare providers in the area; the examination of the determinants for maternal healthcare choices; and the exploration of the perceptions and attitudes of the local community towards both formal and informal maternal healthcare providers. This was a community based cross-sectional descriptive study, the study employed community survey for which mothers with children below eight months were purposively sampled. Key informant interviews involving twelve maternal healthcare providers, from popular, professional and folk sectors were also purposively sampled to shed light on services they provide to expectant mothers. The study also used focused group discussion of discussants, who were sampled by region in the area. Information on maternal health care providers in the area, the kind of maternal healthcare services they provided, social support system and the perception of the community towards maternal healthcare providers was collected guided by the Disease Explanatory Model (DEM) proposed by Kleinman (1980). All analysis was done in SPSS version 21.0 for windows. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results were considered significant at 95% confidence level. Results of the study indicates that, among the 333 mothers who participated in the study, 293(88%) were married and 219(65.8%) were of Islamic religion. Most of the mothers, 266(85.2%) had not completed Primary level of education. Of all the deliveries, 212(64%) were under skilled attendants at the health facilities. Mothers from Shimoni were less likely to deliver at the hospital as compared to those from Vanga, Mwena, Malamba and Mzizima. Controlling for distance from the facility, Mothers education level, Sub location of residence, presence of a health facility in the locality and mothers preference to a particular Maternal health service provider were significant predictors of choice of place of delivery among the study participants (p<0.05). In conclusion, the study revealed that utilization of skilled delivery attendance services was still low than expected with a high number of deliveries being attended by unqualified lay persons at home. There was need to strengthen the education infrastructures, implement cost effective and sustainable measures to improve the quality of maternal health services with an aim of promoting safe delivery and hence reducing maternal mortality.

Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality are major public health concerns in most developing countries and in under resourced settings. Provision of safe motherhood is of utmost importance in the reduction of maternal mortality. Increasing the proportion of babies that are delivered in health facilities is an important factor in reducing the health risks to both the mother and the baby. This study explored maternal healthcare choices of expectant mothers in Lunga Lunga Sub County, Kwale County. The objectives of the study were; the identification and description of maternal healthcare providers in the area; the examination of the determinants for maternal healthcare choices; and the exploration of the perceptions and attitudes of the local community towards both formal and informal maternal healthcare providers. This was a community based cross-sectional descriptive study, the study employed community survey for which mothers with children below eight months were purposively sampled. Key informant interviews involving twelve maternal healthcare providers, from popular, professional and folk sectors were also purposively sampled to shed light on services they provide to expectant mothers. The study also used focused group discussion of discussants, who were sampled by region in the area. Information on maternal health care providers in the area, the kind of maternal healthcare services they provided, social support system and the perception of the community towards maternal healthcare providers was collected guided by the Disease Explanatory Model (DEM) proposed by Kleinman (1980). All analysis was done in SPSS version 21.0 for windows. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results were considered significant at 95% confidence level. Results of the study indicates that, among the 333 mothers who participated in the study, 293(88%) were married and 219(65.8%) were of Islamic religion. Most of the mothers, 266(85.2%) had not completed Primary level of education. Of all the deliveries, 212(64%) were under skilled attendants at the health facilities. Mothers from Shimoni were less likely to deliver at the hospital as compared to those from Vanga, Mwena, Malamba and Mzizima. Controlling for distance from the facility, Mothers education level, Sub location of residence, presence of a health facility in the locality and mothers preference to a particular Maternal health service provider were significant predictors of choice of place of delivery among the study participants (p<0.05). In conclusion, the study revealed that utilization of skilled delivery attendance services was still low than expected with a high number of deliveries being attended by unqualified lay persons at home. There was need to strengthen the education infrastructures, implement cost effective and sustainable measures to improve the quality of maternal health services with an aim of promoting safe delivery and hence reducing maternal mortality.

Quantitative phytochemical, proximate and nutritive composition of the seed of Landolphia owariensis P.Beauv. (Apocyaceae) was studied using standard analytical method. The result of the quantitative phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, resins, proteins, steroids and terpenoids. Proximate composition analysis of Landolphia owariensis seeds indicates that it contains 1.50, 3.35, 0.40, 11.03, 2.79 and 80.93 % of moisture, ash, fats, protein, fibre and carbohydrate respectively. The elemental analysis shows that it contains 2.297, 0.120, 3.840, 0.836, 0.0598 and 1.081 mg/100g of iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, sodium and potassium respectively with a minute quantity of phosphorus (15.555 ppm) and zinc (1.339 ug/100g). The vitamin contents were 3.102, 0.743, 0.933, 0.736, 0.887, 2.356 and 0.489 mg/100g of vitamins E, B1, B2, B3, B6, C and K respectively. Vitamin A is also present but in a minute quantity (3.942 ug/100g). This result shows that the seed of L. owariensis contains appreciable amounts of nutrients that justify its use in treatment of ulcer, worm infestation and rheumatism.

Attempts have been made by independent Kenyan governments to settle historical injustices in the country. Committees have been formed to investigate and offer possible solutions to these chronic problems, unfortunately those attempts have not been successful as implementation of the recommendations from the committees have not been put into practice. Following many failed processes to offer a permanent solution, many Kenyans view these initiatives as a norm that every sitting president has to set committees to offer possible solutions to the historical problems which after the release of the recommendations the hard work, advice and input in restoring tranquility in the country is rendered useless as the recommendations are put in a bay. Many Kenyans have questioned the possibility of the Building Bridges Initiative (BBI) offering solutions to the nation given that it is just a report like the previous ones which have been archived. This paper highlights the historical injustices in the country which probably will put the BBI in a weighing balance to determine whether it will offer solutions to the problems or else it will soon be forgotten before its implementation. The study offers possible recommendations to ensure that BBI is fully implemented.