Background to the Study- Livestock contributes about 12% of Kenya’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), about 42% of the agricultural GDP and 50% of the agricultural sector employment (GOK, 2018). Over 60% of the livestock is found in the arid and semi-arid Land (ASAL) of Kenya. The sector employs 90% of the local population and the ASALs form about 80% of the country’s land area (Barrett al., 2003). Kajiado County lies in the Kenya’s ASAL, and pastoralism is the main means of livelihood. Pastoralism as source of livelihood has faced increasing challenges due to population and land pressure, animal diseases, policy issues and climate variability. Further Barrette et al. (2003) noted that it is not known how much herd structures have changed in the ASAL in the preceding ten years as a result of increased commercialization and other factors. Availability of beef animals may be far less than development planners acknowledge. However GoK  (2011) acknowledges that Kenya was already not self-sufficient in beef and mutton. It is likely that the country might also behaving deficits in other livestock products.

Transforming livestock from subsistence to commercialized undertaking by applying modern technologies acquired through continuous research and innovations (GoK, 2019).  Use of traditional ways of Livestock farming amongst pastoralists in Kajiado has not given way to adoption of modern farming methods that would greatly improve livelihoods in line with the Kenya Vision 2030 and the big four food security agenda. According to the (GoK, 2019), the rural-based nature of livestock activities makes livestock keeping a suitable enterprise to improve household food and nutrition security, incomes, job creation and contribute to sustainable livelihoods for many people in the rural areas

It is appreciated that over 80% of Kenya’s land mass is arid and semi-arid and livestock is the main source of livelihood in these areas. It is further noted that even in the non-ASAL areas, the livestock sub-sector constitutes an important source of family income and food security. In addition, livestock directly contributes to the foreign exchange earnings for our nation through export of livestock products, live animals and germplasm. As such, livestock development agenda in the country will be pursued towards commercialization (GoK, 2019). Value addition of livestock can provide opportunities for increased production and in-situ conservation of indigenous species. In addition, exploiting the potential in value addition especially in terms of enhancing the productivity of the livestock will in the long run be cost effective due to controlled feeding and monitored health condition of the animals (Aklilu and Wekesa, 2002). Pastoralist livestock trade, especially with cross-border involvement, also has positive effect on indigenous animal genetics utilization and conservation, importation of exotic genetics and, but may also lead to transmission of trans-boundary diseases. It has been reported that growing financial pressures, food insecurity and frequent droughts are increasingly pushing pastoralists to sell more animals than before, regardless of productivity, age or sex (Pavanello, 2009). Value addition in agricultural commodities can be defined as improving the natural and conventional form, quality and appeal of a product, thus increasing the consumer valuation beginning from farm level to marketing of finished products. The potential for value addition within the agricultural sector is enormous for most of the commodities, and so would be the gains from value addition (Mlote et al., 2012). The present study examined the value addition of livestock at farm level among the pastoralists.

Over the years, most institutions and industries in Nigeria are connected to the electrical grid but due to the inconsistent power supply of electricity in the country, most of these communities meet their electricity demand through diesel generators and in rare cases, gas generators. The major purpose of this study is to propose the best hybrid technology combinations for electricity generation from a mix of renewable energy resources to satisfy the electrical needs of Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria. The hybrid systems will be chosen to the requirements of approximately 15MWh/day with a peak load of 1.285MW. Two renewable resources namely, wind system, and solar photovoltaic systems and bio-diesel generators are considered. The software that will be employed for the analysis of generation mix is HOMER because it performs hundreds or thousands of hourly simulations over and over in order to design the optimum system. It offers a powerful user interface and accurate sizing with detailed analysis of the system. The analysis drawn from this is that, it is more cost effective, reliable and environmentally friendly to use the optimal hybrid option than the conventional method used by the school as the 10 biodiesel generators have a total capital cost of approximately $534,426 and cost of operation and maintenance is approximately $780,360 per year and BEDC charges the university approximately $497,679 per yea, therefore the university spends a total cost of about $32,075,619 for 25 years. On the other side, running a hybrid renewable energy generation including grid cost a total of about $8,000,000 for 25 years. That is the hybrid system is more viable than the current system of operation of the university with relatively reduced carbon dioxide.

Though sheep value addition is common in Abera, producers complain that their margin from the practice is low. Abattoirs also complain that they are working below their potential due to lack of sheep supply. Therefore, this study is aimed to identify factors affecting performance of sheep supply and marketing chain in terms of value chain analysis. To do that, data were collected from randomly selected 134 sheep producers, 4 cooperatives, 27 traders, 10 processors and 25 consumers. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, mapping approach and econometric model. The result indicated that there were 5 main value chain actors in Abera. Namely, input suppliers, producers, traders, processors and consumers. Feed, veterinary, transport,training/advisory; and credit suppliers were identified as support chain actors. 22 sheep flow channels were identified. Channels I, II, VI, VII, and XV were long and sophisticated. Large volume of sheep was flowed through channel XXI from which farmers got low margins. The mean profit of producers was birr 427.25; of traders was birr 507.13; and of processors was birr 3097. Largest profit was earned by processors and the smallest by producers. 13 variables were hypothesized to determine intensity of participation in sheep value addition. Of these, 6 variables, total income, experience, family size, education, total land holding and credit use, were found to be significantly affecting households’ extent of participation in sheep value addition. The study indicated the need to establish linkage among farmers; shorten long supply chain; expand formal education, supply credit; introduce IGAs; and provide experience sharing mechanisms.

Aneurysmal bone cysts are uncommon lesions, especially in the spine. They account for 1.4% of all primary bone tumors and 15% of all primary spine tumors. ABCs are expansible cystic lesions and can be locally aggressive.

There is a definite predilection for the lumbar region and the neural arch is the part of the vertebra most commonly affected. It is recommended that treatment should consist of total excision or when this is not possible, curettage. Radiotherapy should be reserved for those few cases where operation is inadvisable.

Radiation-induced gliomas represent a relatively rare but well-characterized entity in the neurooncologic literature. Age-related cerebral vulnerability could be a specific factor in the genesis of these complications.

The occurrence of a malignant glioma at the site of a preexisting medulloblastoma is exceptional.

Our purpose is to review the literature regarding the role of radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of patients with radiation-induced malignant gliomas (RIMGs)

These findings support the notion that radiation-induced GBM should be considered a distinct clinical entity. Further understanding of multiple genetic changes after radiation will help protect patients who have already been cured of their original malignancy.

Background: Prostate cancer remains one of the leading causes of male mortality despite advances in its treatment and prevention. The low level of awareness is thought to contribute to delayed diagnosis and hinders goal-directed interventions in prostate cancer prevention.

Objectives: To determine the level of awareness and screening for prostate cancer among males in a peri-urban population.

Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study and cluster sampling was used to select a sample size of 385 men. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire which captured information on demographics, level of awareness and screening for prostate cancer.

 Setting: The study took place in Maili Nne, Eldoret Municipality in Uasin- Gishu County.

Subjects: Men aged 40 years and above.

Results: Out of the 385 men 112 (29.1%) were aware of prostate cancer. In response to any cancer they had heard of, 42.14% had heard of breast cancer while 23.5% and 10.7% had heard of cervical and prostate cancer respectively. Given a list of possible symptoms of prostate cancer, 67% could identify at least one symptom. The majority (56.43%) did not know any method of screening for prostate cancer, and among those who knew, the tests identified were a urine test, PSA/Blood Test, digital rectal examination and bone test by 17.4%, 12.86% and 10.71% and 2.9% respectively. Ten percent of the men had been screened for prostate cancer in the five years preceding the study. There was no significant association between prostate cancer awareness and screening behavior (OR 1.704, 95% CI 0.868 – 3.347). Men 40 – 50 years were less likely to have been screened. A belief that prostate cancer is curable; having heard of prostate cancer and knowing that prostate cancer affects men only were significantly associated with the probability of having undergone screening.

Conclusion: Awareness of prostate cancer among men in Maili Nne is low, and screening remains unacceptably low. Public health interventions aimed at reducing prostate cancer mortality should aim at increasing awareness as well as behavior change to embrace screening.

Large mature teratoma (Dermoid cysts) in pregnancy is rare, occurring in 1 in 1000 pregnancies. A 26-year-old Gravida 6, Para 2+3(2alive) woman, post caesarean pregnancy at term, presented with clinical and Ultrasound scan diagnosis of a large, symptomatic rapidly growing and complex left cystic ovarian mass of a month duration. Obstetrics findings were normal. Exploratory laparotomy with ovarian cystectomy was done and a live female infant weighing 2.65kg was delivered by caesarean section. Histopathology analysis showed benign mature ovarian cystic teratoma with corpus luteum cyst.  The patient and infant had uneventful post-operative recovery and were discharged 7 days later. Both were well at 4 weeks of follow up and were   discharged to the gynecology and family planning clinic for ongoing follow up. Dermoid cyst is a possible differential in a rapidly growing adnexal mass coexisting with pregnancy. Prompt surgical intervention should be considered to achieve successful pregnancy outcome.

Small and medium enterprises (SMES) in any country play a vital role in economic growth and development of a nation. The main purpose of this research is to examine the impact of small and medium scale enterprises on Nigeria economy growth and development. A simple random sampling (SRS) was adopted for the selection of sample of this study. Data were collected using questionnaire, library and desk research were employed for the methodology of this thesis; a pilot survey was organized to deduce and discern any ambivalence questions that were poorly constructed. The research shows that SMES contribute in economic growth of a nation through creation of employment opportunities, it also shows that government to contribute positively to the development of SMES in the study area. The study concluded that small and medium enterprises remain an important contributor to the development of Nigeria. The study recommended that Since SME’s is a tools for economic growth in Nigeria, the state government should readily and freely assist the SME’s sectors to have access to information relating to business opportunities, raw materials, markets goods and services which enable them reduce their operating cost and be more efficient and comparative, also more credit scheme should be provided.