In Kenya, disaster management education has been incorporated in the School Safety Standards Manual. However, most pre-primary schools still experience cases of disasters. The purpose of this study was to assess disaster management preparedness and its implications on teaching and learning outcomes in pre-primary schools in Thika, Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was guided by The Chaos Theory of Disaster Management. The study adopted mixed research methodology and applied concurrent triangulation design. The target population comprised of 22 headteachers and 350 pre-primary school teachers all totaling to 372 from which a sample of 112 respondents were selected using the Central Limit Theorem. Stratified sampling was applied to create five strata based on the number of zones in Thika Sub-county. Questionnaire was used to collect data from pre-primary school teachers whereas interview was used to collect data from headteachers. Data analysis began by identifying common themes. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically based on objectives and presented in narrative forms whereas the quantitative data was analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23) and presented using tables. The study established that teaching and learning outcomes of learners in pre-primary schools has been all time low with many pre-primary school learners registering poor grades in basic numeracy, language and creativity skills.  The study also established that levels of disaster management planning in pre-primary schools is very low, inadequate staff training on disaster management, inadequate disaster management facilities and negative staff attitude towards disaster management. The study recommends that pre-primary school management should devise strategies for improving the dwindling levels of teaching and learning in pre-primary schools. The management of pre-primary schools should design a simple guide map and ensure that labels and signage can be easily understood by everybody within the school compound. The County Governments should develop a disaster management training module for teachers and other support staff on how to handle accidents or disasters in case one happens. The Ministry of Education should enforce stricter adherence to Standards Safety Manual (2008) designed for all schools from pre-primary to secondary as a strategy for creating a learner-friendly environment.

The infection of Salmonella is the main cause for gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. There are about 20 to 40 million cases with gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella infection across the world every year. In our study, we set up the Chinese Salmonella typhimurium CVCC541 infected mouse model by intraperitoneal injection with different amount of bacteria respectively. The results suggested the severity of clinical symptoms in mice was positively correlated with the dosage and duration of infection. Mice infected by S. typhimurium CVCC541 behaved loose coat and hunched back, sluggish, anorexic, and tendency to gather together. The necropsy results showed the severity of pathological changes was also positively correlated with the dosage of infection. The major lesion occurred in the intestine. Severe hemorrhage in the intestinal tract, especially in jejunum and ileum. Meanwhile, we found the amount of neutrophils increased, and the amounts of macrophages and T lymphocytes decreased significantly in the spleen of mice infected with S. typhimurium CVCC541. We first reported the clinical symptoms and pathological damages of mice caused by the infection of S. typhimurium CVCC541 at various concentrations in detail, which would provide the reference for studies of the molecular mechanism of Salmonella infection and drug resistance.

The present research assessed the use of fruit juice as cryopreservants of fish milt with the intent of obtaining a semen preservation protocol that can serve as a means of making fingerlings available to fish farmers all year round. The motility values recorded in Pineapple  (44.30, 45.83, 45.83, 46.03) and Orange  (44.83, 44.86, 45.00, 45.43) (p < 0.05) on day 1, 2, 3 4 were significantly higher compared to control.  Significant differences did not exist ( p > 0.05) between cucumber and orange compared to control in all the treatment days, but significant differences (p < 0.05) was shown to be higher in COP (0.017 – .018) and Pa (0.029, .031, .04) on days, 1, 3, 2 and 3, 1, 4 respectively for COP and Pa. Catalase activity was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in treatments compared to the control (0.0256 – 0.0303). The highest value of CAT was recorded to be 0.298 in COP on day 4, while the least value of 0.18  recorded in COP in day 1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in all treatments compared to the control (0.293 – 0.347). The highest value of (0.084) was recorded in COP on day 4 while the least value was recorded in Cu (0.513) on day 1. Significant differences did not exist ( p > 0.05) between cucumber and orange compared to control in  all the treatment days for LPO, but significant differences (p < 0.05) was shown to be higher in COP (.0167 – .0183) and Pa (.0290, .0310, .0400) for LPO on days, 1, 3, 2 and 3, 1, 4 respectively for COP and Pa. Therefore the use of orange and cucumber fruit juice  which did not elicit lipid peroxidation  may be used with the control to improve  cryopreservation of C.gariepinus semen.